Expression of symptoms and syndromes in respiratory infections

Respiratory infections are the leading cause of disease cases in children and adults. Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract disease is the most common acute that family physicians have thǎm examination and it also caused the most work days. This chapter provides an overview of common infections of upper and lower respiratory tract.
 

Diagnostic approach

Respiratory epithelium with skin and gastrointestinal tract mucosal surfaces forming the junction between the body and the external environment. The respiratory infections often occur perhaps in part due to upper respiratory tract is constructed to warm and moisten the air. Environment warm and humid conditions are relatively convenient for the growth of viruses and bacteria.

While inflammation is a common respiratory our bodies are often protected by our localized and self-limiting them. However, there are many complications of respiratory infections or local system needs to be monitored, and if possible, to prevent and treat. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and appropriate care devote manifestations of respiratory infections is important.

History of clinical

Include respiratory mucosal surfaces of the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, middle ear Eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoli pepper. Clinically, we often distinguish between upper respiratory tract includes all the parts in the upper respiratory larynx and lower respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, and parts of the lungs. Each area when infections are represented by a particular clinical syndrome.

When thǎm see patients with respiratory symptoms, it is often possible to identify locations with medical problems based on the characteristics of the symptoms. At 23. Table 1 summarizes the signs and symptoms common respiratory disease according to anatomic location. Each common symptoms of respiratory disease are discussed briefly below.

Table 23.1: Expression of symptoms and syndromes in respiratory infections

Location surgery	The symptoms and syndromes typical	Diagnosis usually
Nose	Sneezing, nasal inflammation, stuffy hat, mild headache, fever (rare)	Cold
The sinuses around the nose	Headache (forehead or top of the head), facial pain, pain rǎng; runny nose, fever; sensitive when pressed against the sinus	Sinusitis
Throat	Sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck forward; Red swelling and discharge examination; temperature	Sore throat
Middle ear, tap Eustache	Earache, tinnitus, hearing loss, fever, and lost the ball bulging eardrum normal	Otitis
Epiglottis	Sudden high fever, chills, sore throat, hoarseness, drooling, choking	Epiglottitis
Larynx	Stridor (children); hoarseness or loss of voice (adults); moderately mild fever	Laryngitis
Windpipe	Cough, low-grade fever (mostly viral infection), while the touch-sensitive airways	Inflammation of the airways
Bronchial	Cough, phlegm, wheezing and ran, (snore), mild fever	Bronchitis
Bronchioles	Cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, fever	Bronchiolitis
Alveolar	Cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, chills	Pneumonia

Fever is a non-specific symptoms, however high fever and its evolution may suggest the diagnosis. For example, upper respiratory infections ("cold") usually causes a mild fever or no fever. Some patients with rhinitis and mild fever, after a few days, the fever becomes higher, the person has the potential for secondary bacterial infection.

Rhinitis is a manifestation of the disease nose or paranasal sinuses. It can be caused by infection or because of respiratory epithelium in nasal mucus produced in response to any injury. Therefore, allergic rhinitis (an allergen allergens in the air), foreign body in the nose, colds and sinusitis are symptoms of rhinitis. Some doctors differentiate between rhinitis and rhinitis flow discharge mucus, pus that mean bacterial pathogenesis. However, this generalization is not always true to reality. It is typical for cold case: start with rhinitis produce mucus, secretions and become thicker after a few days.

Headaches may increase to as many structures do not belong respiration. Frontal headaches, especially pain increased when bent, do we think of sinusitis. Pain in the face is another symptom of paranasal sinusitis, because the part of the sinus and facial nerves are three dominant apply. Rǎng maxillary pain may be due to sinus infection sinus nerve function for passing on this sinus (see detailed discussion of headaches in Chapter 20).

Sore throat sore throat caused me to think. View summary symptoms and differential diagnosis in Chapter 24.

Ear pain can be due to many different reasons, some of which originated as the respiratory tract. In fact at the clinic, acute ear pain is common and often differential diagnosis between otitis externa and otitis media. As discussed below, physical examination often provides the key to distinguish between the two causes of ear pain is common.

Ear pain can also be a statement from spreading to other places. This is not unusual for patients with pharyngitis lead to pain in the ear. The reason for the throat and the composition of the outer ear and the middle ear are the same as nerve X dominates. Other diseases may manifest as an earache include inflammation of lymph nodes before the ear or behind the ear (usually secondary to infection or skin at the surface), inflammation of the salivary glands and mandibular joint inflammation.

Cough is a symptom of the disease cǎn the lower respiratory tract (see Table 23.1). Any inflammatory lesions of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles or alveoli can cause coughing. In part, because the cough is the body's mechanism to clean the plant exudates trachea and lower respiratory tract infections, usually increases the production of mucus (sputum). Ho also can occur in the absence of sputum born with the potential for as cough reflex is activated by any stimulus in the trachea or bronchi. Influenza, hepatitis caused by mycoplasma and viral infections are characterized by cough discharge (ho "khan"). The level reflects cough less severe disease. Many types of respiratory viral infections severe and persistent cough, even when inflammation has decreased.

Shortness of breath is often a sign of gas exchange in the lungs (and consequently oxygen plasma) is not enough. These disorders of the heart and respiration is the most common cause trouble breathing. Some respiratory infections (eg, bronchitis) do not cause trouble breathing because of gas exchange in the lungs remained normal. As a general rule, difficult breathing heavier grew sick.

Hoarseness is usually only show a narrow airway constriction in the throat. Typically, the inflammation of the vocal cords are sometimes laryngitis. In young children, narrow airways tighten so will lead to wheezing sound.

Chest pain is not always due to respiratory infections. Cough can lead to chest pain or ringing in the muscle and bone injuries of the chest wall, or by stimulating the trachea or bronchi irritated and inflamed. Pleural chest pain (Pleuritic) may pneumonia adjacent pleura. However, in general the differential diagnosis of chest pain often extends beyond the respiratory diseases